Commercial Bank is the market economy product, it is a market economy to adapt to social development and mass production needs and the formation of financial organizations . Commercial banks after several hundred years of development and evolution, has now become the world's main economic activity in the funds distribution mechanism for economic activities influence living in all kinds of countries in banks and non-bank financial institutions, the first of.
Commercial Bank is the pursuit of maximum profit as the goal, to provide customers with a variety of financial services of special financial companies . Profit is the basic prerequisite for the generation and management of commercial banks, but also the inherent power of the commercial banks.
Bank is one of the most important economic institutions. On the origin of banking, has a long history. The original state of Western banks, Babylon back as BC and ancient civilizations period. According to Encyclopedia Britannica records, as early as the sixth century BC in Babylon has been a "Righi than the" bank. Archaeologists discovered in the Arabian desert stone proved that before 2000 BC, the Babylonian temple has been the external loans, but lenders are adopted by the debtor issued promissory notes similar instrument, which receives by the temple, and this instrument can transfer . 4th century BC, the Greek monasteries, public bodies, private firms also engaged in various financial activities . However, this activity is limited to currency exchange business nature, but also did not apply for business loans. Rome in 200 BC, the Greek banking sector has a similar mechanism occurs, but more Greek banks have made progress, it is not only carrying on money changing business, also operating grant loans, trust and other services, while the bank's management and supervision are also clear legal provisions. Roman banking business carried not belong to credit loaned, but already has a prototype of modern banking.
It recognized early bud bank, originated in the Italian Renaissance. Word "bank" in English called "Bank", by the Italian "Banca" evolved. In the Italian text, Banca is a "bench" means. The original bankers are ancestral home in northern Italy Lombardy Jews, they escape the war, moved to the British Isles, in exchange, safekeeping valuables, exchange , etc. for the industry. Master each one stool in the market, according to operate currency exchange business. If anyone experiencing cash flow is not working, when unable to pay the debt, it will lead to its creditors rallied broken benches, changers credit that is declared broken. English " bankruptcy " as the "Bankruptcy", that comes from this.
Emergence and Early Banking international trade development are closely linked. Medieval Europe, the Mediterranean countries, especially Italy, Venice, Genoa and other cities is famous for the International Trade Centre, merchants, market prosperity. But then society feudal separatism, monetary system disorder, businessmen States Mint carried shape, fineness, weight varies, in order to meet the needs of business development, the need for currency exchange. Thus, in the money exchange business and simply charge a fee from suppliers of professional money began to emerge and develop. With remote transactions continued development and international trade, the trouble and the risk of business people from around the world in order to avoid long-distance carry generated, began his own money to pay the presence of a professional money provider for the execution of foreign exchange and payment. This time professional money providers already reflect the bank's initial budding functions: currency exchange and money allocated.
With the acceptance of deposits increasing number of business people who are not at the same time found that more than deposit withdrawal deposits, so they began to exchange business in temporarily idle funds loaned to the funding needs by the community. Initially, merchants loaned money is limited to its own funds , with the advent of the proxy payment system, that is, the borrower of the loan term deposit lenders place and notify the agent who grant loans to pay. Visible, in essence, the loans are not only limited to real money, but became part of the carrying amount of the credit , which marks the essential characteristics of modern banking has emerged.
At that time, the major Italian banks with Venetian bank established in 1171 and in 1407 established St. George Bank. Late 16th century, the bank spread to other European countries. Such as the Bank of Amsterdam in 1609 established the Hamburg bank established in 1619, in 1621 the establishment of the Nuremberg banks are famous early European banks. In Britain, by the early goldsmith banking industry evolved. Mid-17th century, the British goldsmith industry is very developed, the people in order to prevent the theft of gold and silver, gold and silver will be entrusted to the goldsmith save. Goldsmith industry was not only gold and silver on behalf of his custody, the issue of custody receipt, but also by customer request in writing, gold and silver will be allocated to a third party. Goldsmith industry also uses its own capital loans to earn interest. Meanwhile, the receipt issued by the goldsmith who can replace the cash flow in the market, known as the "goldsmith tickets" open the modern bank notes precedent. Thus, the Bank of England arises early on the basis of the goldsmith industry.
Although this early banking has the essential characteristics of the bank, but it is only primitive stage of development of modern banking. Because the basis of survival of the banking sector is not large-scale socialized production mode of production, and lends the banking sector also mainly government and the feudal aristocracy, lending banks with the obvious nature of usury, which provides credit is not conducive to the process of social reproduction . But with early banking sector, and improve monetary operations, gave birth to the credit budding. They evolved into a modern banking is the thing during the 17th century to the 18th century, and this change also requires the process of economic development in certain special conditions.
Original form of modern commercial banks is Zibenzhuyi commercial banks, it is Zibenzhuyi production products. With the development of productivity, production and technological progress, the expansion of social division of labor, Zibenzhuyi production relations began to grow. Some farm owners manual with city businessman, banker together form a new class - the bourgeoisie . Since the feudal nature of bank lending usury, the average annual interest rate of 20% to 30%, a serious impediment to the social transformation of the industrial capital of idle capital. In addition, the bank's borrowers early mainly government and a number of the privileged class rather than business, the emerging bourgeoisie businesses can not get enough credit support, Zibenzhuyi mode of production and development is an important prerequisite for the organization is to have a lot of Zibenzhuyi necessary for the production of monetary capital . Thus, the emerging bourgeoisie is an urgent need to establish and develop Zibenzhuyi banks.
Zibenzhuyi produce commercial banks, basically in two ways: First, the old usurious nature of the bank gradually adapt to the new economic conditions, the evolution of Zibenzhuyi banks. In Western Europe, by the goldsmith industry evolved from the old banks, mainly slowly into Zibenzhuyi banks through this pathway. Another way is to follow the emerging bourgeoisie Zibenzhuyi organizing principle of joint-stock banks , this approach is essential. The establishment of the historical process Zibenzhuyi banks, first established in the United Kingdom Zibenzhuyi system was particularly evident. In 1694, with the help of the government, the British established a history of joint-stock commercial bank Zibenzhuyi - 英格兰银行 . It appears, declared the end of the nature of usury banking monopoly in the field of social credit, marking Zibenzhuyi modern banking system began to form, and the generation of commercial banks. In this sense, the modern commercial bank英格兰银行originator. Following英格兰银行, Zibenzhuyi European countries have set up commercial banks. Since then, the modern commercial banking system in Shijiefanwei began to spread.
Compared with the West Bank, the Bank of China is produced later. Chinese records on the banker, the earlier the temple pawnbroking Northern and Southern Dynasties. By the Tang Dynasty, there has been a similar bill "flying money", which is China's first exchange business . North Emperor Song, Jiaozi Sichuan wealthy issued an early paper money in China. To the Ming and Qing dynasties, the pawnshop is China's major credit bureaus . Ming, some of the larger money management industry, money exchange shop developed into a silver village. Silver Zhuang produce early, in addition to the money changers, but also engaged in grant loans to the Qing Dynasty, gradually open deposit, exchange business, but ultimately under the Qing government restrictions and oppression of foreign banks, decline. China 's modern banking in the mid-19th century after the invasion of foreign banks before the rise of Zibenzhuyi. The first foreign banks to China is the British East Bank, subsequent Zibenzhuyi countries have come to China to set up the bank. Although foreign banks in China to the Chinese economy has brought tremendous damage, but the objective is also to the development of China's banking industry has played a certain stimulus. To get rid of foreign banks dominate, the Qing government in 1897 set up in Shanghai Commercial Bank of China , marking the modern generation Chinese banks. Thereafter, Zhejiang Industrial, Jiaotongyinhang have been produced.
Commercial Bank today, because its payment was based on the commercial behavior of self-liquidating loans to obtain "commercial banks" in the title compared to far cry from. Today's commercial banks have been given a wider and more profound meaning. Especially since the Second World War, with the development of Shehuijingji, the banking competition, the business scope of commercial banks continued to expand, becoming multi-functional, comprehensive "financial department store."
1990s, the international financial field, there were many new situations, directly or indirectly, for management and operation of commercial banks have had a profound impact, mainly in: bank capital more concentrated, a new pattern of international competition in the banking sector; international banking competition intensified international banks speed up the process; financial services and tools innovation, financial services and further cross traditional boundaries of specialized financial services division has narrowed; financial regulation continue to relax, financial liberalization trend is increasingly evident; abroad financing appears securitization trend, the stock market booming; the emergence of global financial integration trend. The emergence of these trends will have a far greater impact on the future development of the commercial banking system and business.