Organization of external commercial bank refers to commercial banks in the form of Shehuijingji life.From a global commercial banks to see, there are four main types.
1, a single bank system .
Single banking system , also known as an exclusive banking system, which is characterized by banking entirely separate commercial banks, does not set limits or branches . This is very common in the US banking system, the United States is one of the oldest banks in the form, provide all financial services through a network. The United States is a strong federal state independence of states, the history of economic development is very uneven, east and west large disparity. In order to adapt to the balanced economicdevelopment needs, especially the need to adapt to the development of SMEs, against the financial power is concentrated, states have legislation to prohibit or restrict the bank to open branches, especially across state lines to set up branches.
The advantage of the banking system is:
(1) limit the banking monopoly, in favor of free competition ;
(2) facilitate the coordination of banking and Defangzhengfu, and can fit in the region needs to concentrate on services in the region;
(3) Each bank independence and autonomy of the large operators more flexible;
（4）管理层次少，有利于中央银行管理和控制。
But the banking system itself, there are serious shortcomings:
(1) commercial bank does not have branches, and the horizontal development of the modern economy and commodity exchanges continue to expand the scope of the existence of contradictions, while the large number of applications under conditions of computer and other high-tech, its business development and financial innovation is limited;
(2) banking more concentrated in one region or one industry, vulnerable to economic fluctuations, financing is not easy, risk concentration ;
(3) the smaller banks, high operating costs, easy to obtain economies of scale .
2, the branch system .
Branch system is characterized by the law allows in addition to the head office, at home and abroad throughout the universal set up branches; head office generally located in major urban centers, all branches of the unified command led by the head office. This banking system based on the UK Stock Bank . According to the head office functions of different branches of the system can be further divided into the head office system and the total management system. Bank head office system refers to the head office in addition tomanagement and control of each branch, but also for business itself. Total management system means the head office is only responsible for controlling each branch office, not for business, head office location separate branches of foreign business or business unit.
Advantages branch system comprising:
(1) branches, widely distributed, decentralized operations, and thus easy to absorb deposits, money transfers, full and effective use of capital; and because lenders dispersion, risk diversification, reduce the average risk lending, improve the security of the bank;
Larger (2) bank size, easy to use modern equipment, offers a variety of convenient financial services, obtain economies of scale ;
(3) Since the total number of small banks, financial authorities to facilitate the macro-management .The disadvantage is likely to cause annexation of large banks to small banks to form monopolies, anti-competitive; at the same time, bank size is too large, the internal level, institutions are more difficult to manage.
Currently, most of the world countries have implemented branch system, our country as well. But for a single bank branch system and the pros and cons of the system in terms of operating efficiency is difficult to simply be judged.
3, bank holding company system .
Bank holding company means a group set up by the company's equity, then controlled by the company or the acquisition of two more banks. Legally, these banks are independent, but its operational and management policies, systems belonging to the same equity firm controlled. This form of organization of commercial banks in the United States the most popular. It is 1933 - 1975, Bank of America and strictly control operating across state period, between legislative and commercial banks' control - escape - re-regulation "of the results of the struggle. By 1990, the US bank holding companies controlled 8,700 banks, representing 94% of the sector's total assets. Bank holding company makes banks more easily from the capital market to raise funds, and through related party transactions to obtain tax advantages, it is possible to circumvent government restrictions on interstate banking operations.
Bank holding company system , there are two types, a non-bank holding company; one is the bank holding company. The former has a stake in a bank organized, which is composed of a large organization a bank holding company by the big companies are not the main business of banks, small banks belong to this other big banks.
4, chain banking system .
Chains banking system , also known as Union Bank system, which is characterized by the purchase of an individual or a group of stocks majority number of independent banks, these banks are legally independent, there is no equity in the form of existence, but its ownership control in the hands of an individual or a group, its business and operating policy decisions by a person or a control group. Such banking institutions tend to be around the big banks a region or a state organized. Several banks board of directors by a group of persons, in such a large organization as the central bank, the formation of joint within the Group. It is the bank holding company system, are to make up for the lack of a single bank system, to avoid restrictions on the establishment of branches and implemented. But compared with chain bank holding company, as an individual or a group controlled by the bank and thus difficult to obtain large amounts of capital required, many banks have turned chain composed of bank branches or holding company.